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Electrical training and Electrical safety training

Electrical training is a must for electrical fresh graduates.There are so many companies providing free electrical training.Electrical training and Electrical safety training is very essential for freshers to lay a rock solid career foundation.
Working with electricity is dangerous and you need to make sure you take all necessary safety precautions। The articles in this section provide information about checking insulation on a cord, making sure your light bulbs have proper wattage, moving appliances away from water and making sure your extension cords are used correctly.

Electrical Problems: 3 Common Solutions

For most people, solving electrical problems are a daunting task. Typically with electricity, the poblem is larger than it may seem, however, these minor problems can usually be fixed quite simply.

1. An Appliance Stops Working

If an electrical appliance stops working, check the power supply. If other appliances are working use a mains tester to check that there is power in the socket. No power in the socket means the fuse has blown or the circuit breaker has tripped. If there is power the appliance is at fault.

2. Smell of Hot Plastic

The smell of hot plastic should not be ignored. Find out where the smell is coming from. If it is from a plug or socket the most common cause is a wiring problem. Check that all terminals in the plug and socket are screwed tight. The heat is usually caused by electricity arcing across a gap.

3. No Power in the House

Check that the main fuse has not blown or the main circuit breaker has not tripped. Check to see if your neighbors have power. It could be a general outage.

If a fuse blows or a circuit breaker trips try to discover the cause before you repair it or it will blow again।

Common Circuit Breaker Problems

The most common circuit breaker problems occur when the circuit is left unprotected and the wire carrying the high voltage tends to heat up to a melting point causing damage and fire. Mentioned below are a few common circuit breaker problems:

Miswiring of the electrical system

Most often, the reason behind circuit breakdown is the miswiring of the electrical system. This problem can lead to improper shutting down of the electrical device. The electrical device may continue running even after the switch is shut down.

Another result of miswiring can be an electric shock. Generally this type of electrical shock is not critical, but it can have harmful effects on people using electrical home appliances. Miswiring can damage your appliances, switches and other electrical devices permanently or cause temporary operating problems.

You can surely cure a problem of this extent by reviewing the circuits that are affected and by testing the electrical system completely.

Tripped Circuit Breaker: Circuit Overload

You might have faced the problem of tripped circuit breakers. This problem happens frequently due to circuit overload. This happens when too many electronic devices are plugged or operated into a single electronic outlet. If you use too many electronic appliances plugged in one location, the single circuit will get overloaded and trip or switch off to lighten the load. The main idea behind tripping is to protect the circuit s from getting overloaded. The circuit breaker mechanism has been specially designed to protect the electrical system in households.

You can easily prevent circuit overload by following a few electrical safety tips. One method is by avoiding plugging much electronic equipment in one outlet. Turn off those devices which are not in use and also check for any loose connections in your outlets.

Short Circuit

One more common circuit breaker problems is short circuit. Short circuits can lead to tripped circuit breakers. Short circuits take place when a hot wire touches another neutral wire. This leads to the tripping of the circuit breaker because of the electrical current overload. Short circuits can be a serious problem. The main problem is in the electrical wiring hence; it is advisable to get it checked immediately to avoid further serious damage.

If you ever notice a short circuit in your device plugged into the outlet, do check the exterior of the cord. Check for a burning odor. Replace or repair the wires if you find them damaged. Exposed wires can pose a serious threat as they have electrical current flowing through them.

These are the common circuit breaker problems which need to be taken care of। You can easily avoid such problems by following certain procedures to ensure efficient working of the electrical system of your home.

Where You Need a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

There are certain places where a ground fault circuit interrupter is required by national and local building codes. They are intended to minimize the chance of electrocution, and add an additional layer of safety to your home electrical system.

Exterior Power Outlets

GFCI receptacles serve as a backup for your breaker panel. Anytime you install power outdoors, or in an area that is only partially protected from the weather, a GFCI is the correct type of connector to use.

Kitchen and Laundry

In the kitchen and laundry, where spills and splashes are a common problems, a gfci outlet could prevent severe shocks or electrocution, Similarly, the bathroom should be wired with GFCI receptacles.

Pool and Spa

Around a pool, spa, or hot tub, you should always use a GFCI circuit. If a leak should develop and the receptacle becomes soaked suddenly, the circuit will fail, protecting your breaker panel and reducing the hazard of fire.

GFCI is Required

You do not need an Electrician's license to install a GFCI, but your local building codes probably do require them in all of the areas mentioned above। They cost a little more than a traditional GFCI, but provide you with a measure of safety and security that makes the investment worthwhile.

Outdoor Electrical Outlet Safety Tips

Having an outdoor electrical outlet can be a huge convenience, but they can be a safety concern, too. Here are a few tips to keep you and your home safe.

Water Hazards

When considering outdoor electrical outlets, remember to be sure they are not placed near water sources. Some homes have a water hose connection near an outlet, and if this is the case at your home, one option is to cover the outlet with a weatherproof box. Also, keep plug covers in the outlet for added safety.

Using Extension Cords

If you need to use extension cords outdoors, make sure the cords you have are listed for outdoor use. They need to be able to weather harsh conditions and be made specifically for outdoor use. It’s also important to make sure you aren’t overloading the circuit being used, especially if you’re using high-powered tools.

Proximities of Fuel

It’s good safety practice to make sure you don't store any gas-powered tools or gas cans near the electrical outlet. Something as simple as turning on a power tool near a container of fuel can cause a spark, and sparks can ignite a larger gas source.

Tool Storage

Always be sure to store outdoor electrical tools in a clean, dry place। A secure, weatherproof storage shed is ideal. If this isn’t available it’s best to store them indoors. This will keep the electrical components in the tools intact and help avoid issues with the outlet in the future.

Cords

Every electrical appliance has a cord, and many homes use extension cords to increase the range of electrical outlets. These safety tips can help keep cords in good condition for safe operation.

• Check cords regularly for frays, cracks or kinks, including power tool cords, holiday lights and extension cords.
• Cords are not be jump ropes, clothes lines or leashes, and should never be used for anything other than their intended purpose.
• Cords should be firmly plugged into outlets – if the cord is loose and can pull out easily, choose a different, more snug outlet.
• Do not staple or nail cords in position at any time; if the cord does not remain where desired, use tape or twist ties to secure it.
• Cords should not be placed beneath rugs where they can become a trip hazard or where frays will not be noticeable. Furthermore, covering a cord will prevent it from keeping as cool as possible.
• Do not make modifications to a cord’s plug at any time – do not clip off the third prong or attempt to file down a wider prong to fit in a different outlet.
• Extension cords are a temporary solution only and their use should be minimized whenever possible.
• Use the proper weight and length of extension cord for the appropriate task, and be sure the cord is rated for indoor or outdoor use, whichever is required.
• When unplugging a cord, pull on the cord at the outlet rather than tug on the cord itself.

Outlets

Every cord has to plug into an appropriate electrical outlet, but these tempting niches are inviting to unwelcome objects that can cause shorts and fires. Use these electrical safety tips at home to keep outlets safe.

• Block unused outlets by changing to a solid cover plate or using childproof caps.
• Do not overload outlets with multiple adaptors or power strips; relocate cords instead.
• Never put any object other than the appropriate size plug into an outlet.
• Install ground fault circuit interrupter outlets in potentially hazardous areas such as near pools, crawlspaces, kitchens, bathrooms and unfinished basements.
• Keep all outlets properly covered with secure plates that cover all wiring.

Light Bulbs

Light bulbs are the single most common electrical fixture in homes, and proper light bulb safety can keep them from becoming a common electrical hazard.

• Use bulbs that have the correct wattage requirements for each fixture -- using a higher wattage bulb can cause the fixture to overheat.
• Consider switching to more efficient compact fluorescent bulbs that provide the same level of light at a lower wattage level.
• Always screw bulbs in tightly; a loose bulb can cause sparks or shorts.
• Be sure to unplug or turn off a fixture completely before changing light bulbs.

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Earthing System

CONTENTS



1.0. SCOPE

2.0 DEFINITIONS

3.0 STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE

4.0 RESPONSIBILITY

5.0 SAFETY

6.0 METHODS

7.0 MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE










1.0 SCOPE

This scope of work covers the design, manufacturing, marking and packing, shipping, transportation to site, installation, testing and commissioning and final handover of the earthing system.



2.0 DEFINITIONS

SEE – Site Electrical Engineer, ST – Survey Team, S/s – Substation

3.0 STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE

We hereby confirm that we shall comply all the procedures and execute the subject works as per the fullest requirement, satisfaction of end user and specifications

A constant supervision of works shall be done by qualified Electrical Engineer and certified safety officer.

Material shall be used for assembly of earthing system are designed in accordance with the standards and system characteristics as stated in corporate ADDC specification.

4.0 RESPONSIBILITY

This is the responsibility of the Site Electrical Engineer and the safety officer to ensure that this method statement and Safety procedures are followed during the execution of the work.



5.0 SAFETY

1) All work forces to be involved in execution of the Earthing system shall undergo safety induction training before starting the site activities. Prior to the commencement of any activities, the workforce will receive an induction talk on the project site safety requirements.
2) The necessary permits that may be required to work near existing services will be obtained. Any special conditions imposed upon these permits will be implemented.

3) The use or restriction of specific Electrical & mechanical equipment, whilst locating or excavating near the existing cables and other services will be implemented. The contractor shall utilize the manpower whoever obtains security passes. Company shall be responsible for all activities and interfaces related to this project.


6.0 METHODS


6.1 TOOLS & INSTRUMENTS

a. Earth meggar type AVO DET5/4D (for measuring earth resistance)

b. Multi meter types 0646171 Hioki (for measuring electrical continuity)

c. Hand tools & Hammers

All the testing instruments will have calibration certificate valid for minimum six months. Calibration certificate can be verified during testing.


6.2 REFERENCE VALUES

a. For electrical continuity = infinity

b. For earth resistance of Earthing System = less than 2 ohms (as per ADDC)


6.3 EARTHING PROCEDURE

A) MEASURING TECHNIQUES Measuring Soil Resistivity

TYPICAL VARIATIONS IN SOIL RESISTIVITY

The resistance to earth of an earth electrode is influenced by the resistivity of the surrounding soil. The resistivity depends upon the nature of the soil and its moisture content and can vary enormously as seen in the table below:-


Material Specific resistance in ohm-cms Information Source
Ashes 350 Higgs
Coke 20-800
Peat 4500-20000
Garden earth – 50% moisture 1400 Ruppel
Garden earth – 20% moisture 4800 Ruppel
Clay soil – 40% moisture 770 Ruppel
Clay soil – 20% moisture 3300
London clay 400- 2000
Very dry clay 5000-15000
Sand – 90% moisture 13000 Ruppel
Sand – normal moisture 300000-800000
Chalk 5000-15000
Consolidated Sedimentary rocks 1000-50000 Broughton
Edge & Laby


• Because it is impossible to forecast the resistivity of the soil with any degree of accuracy it is important to measure the resistance of an earth electrode when it is first laid down and thereafter
at periodic intervals. Before sinking an electrode into the ground for a new installation it is often advantageous to make a preliminary survey of the soil resistivity of the surrounding site. This will enable decisions to be made on the best position for the electrode (s) and to decide whether any advantage can be gained by driving rods to a greater depth. Such a survey may produce considerable savings in electrode and installation costs incurred trying to achieve a required resistance.

However, Soil resistivity could be carried by laboratory section.

B) DEEP DRIVEN EARTH ELECTRODE METHOD FOR MEASURING EARTH RESISTANCE:

In this method, Copper bond earthing electrode (approx. 16mm dia.), shall be deeply driven using suitable earth rod coupler till the depth of lower resistivity soil. (As per ADDC requirement Earth resistance shall be less than 2 ohms.). To obtain low soil resistivity (less than 2 ohms) earthing rods shall be driven 3mts deep or even more. Also, to obtain low overall resistance, current density should be as low as practicable in the soil which is in contact with the electrode.

After driving earth electrode in the respective pits, its shall be covered with inspection pits.

C) PARALLEL EARTH ROD METHOD FOR MEASURING EARTH RESISTANCE:

Where ground conditions make deep driving of earth rods impossible, a matrix arrangement of rods coupled to one another by conductors can be used. If possible, the earth rods must be spaced at least equal to their driven depth. No significant decrease in Earthing resistance, it will be obtained by spacing greater than twice their driven depth. These methods are commonly used for substation earthing where there is HV electrical equipment.

The ground condition is very hard and rocky, then earthing electrodes shall be driven by means of Drilling the soil with heavy drilling equipment.

After driving earth electrode in the respective pits, its shall be covered with inspection pits.

0 MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE:

a) General procedure:

Measurement of the resistance to earth of an earth electrode is not necessary a simple matter. While certain fairly simple rules can be laid down. Circumstances frequent arise which make it necessary to modify them. The resistance of an earth electrode is unique in that the terminal provided by the electrode itself is definite, the other terminal of the resistance being theoretically at an infinite distance. In practice a measurement has to be made which includes the greatest part, say 98% of the total resistance. There is no point in striving for a high degree of accuracy with such a measurement since within the volume of such a resistance, there may be considerable non-uniformity in the soil and other disturbing features. An accuracy of 2% is more than adequate, and accuracies of the order of 5% are usually quite acceptable.

A measurement current is passed between electrodes X, the one being tested and an auxiliary current electrode Y. The voltage drop between electrode X and a second auxiliary electrode Z is measured and the resistance of the electrode X is then the voltage between X and Z. The source of current and the means of metering either the current and voltage or their ratio are often, but not necessarily, combined in one device.


b) Measuring Techniques Testing Earth Electrodes:

FALL - OF - POTENTIAL METHOD

This is the basic method for measuring the resistance of earth electrode systems. However, it may only be practical on small, single earth electrodes because of limitation on the size of area available to perform tests.

Insert the Current Test spike into the ground some 30 to 50 meters away from the earth electrode to be tested. Firmly connect this spike to the instrument terminal ‘C2’.

Insert the Potential test spike into the ground midway between the Current test spike and the earth electrode. Firmly connect this spike to the instrument terminal ‘P2’.


Note:

1) It is important that the Current Spike, the Potential Spike and the earth electrode are all in a straight line. Also when running the test leads out to each remote spike, it is preferable not to lay the wires close to each other in order to minimize the effect of mutual inductance.

2) Firmly connect the ‘C1’ and the ‘P1’ instrument terminals to the earth electrode.

3) Operate the instrument as explained in the ‘Basic Test Procedure’ and note the resistance obtained.

4) Move the potential spike 3 meters further away from the earth electrode and make a second resistance measurement. Then moves the potential spike 3 meters nearer the electrode (than the original position) and make a third resistance measurement. If the three resistance readings agree with each other, within the required accuracy, then their average may be taken as the resistance to earth of the electrode.

5) If the readings disagree beyond the required accuracy then an alternative method should be used e.g. the 61.8% Rule or the Slope Method etc.

11 KV Switchgear

CONTENTS

1.0 Scope of work

2.0 Responsibilities

3.0 Safety

4.0 11 KV Switchgear

4.1 Tools / Equipments

4.2 Test Equipments

4.3 Installation Procedure

4.4 Inspection & Testing Procedure

1.0 Scope of Work

This method statement covers the supply, installation, pre-commissioning test, testing carried out at the source, procedures and instructions for materials inspection upon arrival at site, the requirement and instructions for executing the activities listed under this section up to pre-commissioning, commissioning and final hand over of the works

2.0 Responsibilities.

This is the responsibility of the Site Electrical Engineer and safety officer to ensure that this Method statement and Safety procedures are followed during the execution of the work.

3.0 Safety.

1) All work forces to be involved in execution of the cable laying shall undergo safety induction training before starting the site activities. Prior to the commencement of any activities, the workforce will receive an induction talk on the project site safety requirements.

2) The necessary permits that may be required to work near existing services will be obtained. Any special conditions imposed upon these permits will be implemented.

3) The use or restriction of specific Electrical & mechanical equipment, whilst locating or excavating near the existing cables and other services will be implemented. The contractor shall utilize the manpower Company shall be responsible for all activities and interfaces related to this project

4.0 11KV SWITCHGEAR

Tools / Equipments

· Hand Tools for Electricians

· Lifting Crane

· Tire Fort

· Fork Lift

· Special Tools supplied along with the 11KV S/G

4.2 Test Equipments

· Digital Multimeter

· Ductor Tester

· Clamp on Ammeter (Digital)

· High Pot Tester Set (with all accessories)

· Insulation resistance tester

· Secondary injection set

· Phase rotation meter

All the testing instruments will have calibration certificate valid for minimum 6 months. Calibration certificate can be verified during testing.

4.3 Installation Procedure

· The 11 KV Switchgear shall be installed in place after all civil work in HV Switchgear room is completed, Room is clean, doors are fixed, supports for panels are installed or in case of Cable Trenches, the Cable Trenching work shall be completed.

· Switchgears must be stored in a closed well-ventilated space and away from heavy equipment handling or moving to avoid any mechanical damage. Packing shall remain in place till final positioning of the panels.

· Switchgears shall be unloaded directly into position if possible otherwise in a closed place where it could be unpacked, lifted and/or slide on roller into final position

· Before installation, the Switchgear shall be inspected for mechanical damage special care shall be taken for front mounted instrument, control and protection devices.

· After inspection the panel shall be repacked till installation in the final position

· If damage is observed during the inspection Non-Conforming Material Report shall be prepared

· Before fixing the switchgear in place, location and fixing points shall be checked for free access, Base Plate shall be checked and general check shall be carried out to avoid any obstacle not taken into consideration at the Engineering stage

· Switchgear panels shall be installed as per approval layout and in line with the vendor recommendation

· Alignment and leveling shall be carried out prior to fixing / bolting the panel in place

· Earthing of the switchgear panels shall be done as per approved earthing layout drawing

· The installation of 11 KV switchgear will be fully co-ordinate with all other activities and it will be fully complying with manufacturer recommendation and procedures.

· Installation of all HV, LV and Instrumentation cables up to switchgear panel location.

· Glanding of all cables

· Termination for HV cables shall be carried out as per manufacturer recommendation and shall be carried out by certified cable jointer

· Testing of all HV cables shall be carried out as per inspection and testing procedure, pre commissioning and commissioning procedure and in line with ADDC Standard.

· Termination of power cables shall be carried out as per manufacturer inspection

· Tightening of all bolt type termination in accordance with manufacturer recommendation by using the Torque wrench।

· All the 11 KV equipment will be placed on heavy duty supports and fixing arrangements.

5.2 Inspection and Testing Procedure

· Equipment shall be physically checked for correct installation.

· The Equipment will be inspected and checked against the relevant General Arrangement Drawing.

· Doors and panels will be checked to ensure proper opening and closure. Withdraw able units shall be checked to ensure freedom of movement

· Fuse ratings, protection devices CT’s, VT’s, indicators and meters shall be checked against the Data sheets and relevant drawings.

· The presence of all identifying and warning labels will be checked.

· Earting shall be checked to ensure it is as per detail drawings

· The panels shall be checked to ensure that the earthing connection is made as per drawings.

· The panels shall be inspected and tested as per E & I inspection and testing procedure

· The equipment will be energized and witnessed according to contract procedures.

· Necessary inspection requests will be submitted for each and every item of works.

A detailed Inspection testing procedure for inspection, commissioning and testing will be submitted by the manufacturer along with material submittal

· Testing procedure will be covered all tests detailed in ADDC specs.

· Testing shall carried out by ADDC approved testing Engineer

· We confirm that all the comments made in the approved material submittal shall be incorporated in method statement.

LV Switchgear

CONTENTS

1.0 Scope of work

2.0 Responsibilities

3.0 Safety

4.0 LV Switchgear

4.1 Tools / Equipments

4.2 Test Equipments

4.3 Installation Procedure

4.4 Inspection & Testing Procedure




1.0 Scope of Work

This method statement covers the procedures and instructions for materials inspection upon arrival at site, the requirement and instructions for executing the activities listed under this section up to pre-commissioning, commissioning and final hand over of the works



2.0 Responsibilities.

This is the responsibility of the Site Electrical Engineer and safety officer to ensure that this Method statement and Safety procedures are followed during the execution of the work.

3.0 Safety.

1) All work forces to be involved in execution of the Switchgear erection shall undergo safety induction training before starting the site activities. Prior to the commencement of any activities, the workforce will receive an induction talk on the project site safety requirements.

2) The necessary permits that may be required to work near existing services will be obtained. Any special conditions imposed upon these permits will be implemented.

1) The use or restriction of specific Electrical & mechanical equipment, whilst locating or excavating near the existing cables and other services will be implemented. The contractor shall utilize the manpower. Company shall be responsible for all activities and interfaces related to this project

5) The work will be performed taking into consideration the following as per ADDC rules:


4.0 LV SWITCHGEAR


4.1 Tools / Equipments
• Hand Tools for Electricians
• Lifting Crane
• Tire Fort
• Fork Lift
• Special Tools supplied along with the LV S/G

4.2 Test Equipments

• Digital Multimeter
• Clamp on Ammeter (Digital)
• Insulation resistance tester
• Phase rotation meter

All the testing instruments will have calibration certificate valid for minimum six months. Calibration certificate can be verified during testing.


4.3 Installation Procedure


• The LV Switchgear shall be installed in place after all Civil Work in LV Switchgear Room is completed, Room is clean, doors are fixed, supports for panels are installed or in case of cable trenches, the cable trenching work shall be completed.

• Switchgears must be stored in a closed well-ventilated space and away from heavy equipment handling or moving to avoid any mechanical damage. Packing shall remain in place till final positioning of the panels.

• Switchgears shall be unloaded directly into position if possible otherwise in a closed place where it could be unpacked, lifted and/or slide on roller into final position


• Before installation, the Switchgear shall be inspected for mechanical damage special care shall be taken for front mounted instrument, control and protection devices.

• After inspection the panel will be repacked till installation in the final position


• If damage is observed during the inspection Non-Conforming Material Report shall be prepared

• Before fixing the switchgear in place, location and fixing points shall be checked for free access, Base plate shall be checked and general check shall be carried out to avoid any obstacle not taken into consideration at the Engineering stage. LV cable below the LV switchgear position are to be laid in tray / ladders or directed by Engineer

• Switchgear panels will be installed as per approval layout and in line with the vendor recommendation

• Alignment and leveling will be carried out prior to fixing / bolting the panel in place

• Earthing of the switchgear panels will be done as per approved earthing layout drawing

• Installation of all LV and Control cables up to switchgear panel location

• LV cables are laid in ladder inside the trench as approved in shop drawings

• Termination for LV cables will be carried out as per manufacturer recommendation and shall be carried out by certified Electrician

• Testing of all LV cables and switchgears will be carried out as per inspection and testing procedure, pre commissioning and commissioning procedure and in line with ADDC Standard, IEE latest regulation and manufacturer standard

• Termination of LV cables will be carried out as per approved shop drawings

• Manufacturer recommendations for installation of LV switchgear shall be submitted during the material delivery at site prior to installation.

4.4 Inspection and Testing Procedure

• Factory request will be forwarded to the Engineer prior to delivery of LV switchgears. If the materials assembled locally.

• Equipment will be physically checked for correct installation

• Factory test reports will be forwarded to the Engineer prior to delivery and acceptance test procedure shall be submitted for approval separately.

• The equipment will be inspected and checked against the relevant General arrangement drawing

• Doors and panels will be checked to ensure proper opening and closure. Withdraw able units shall be checked to ensure freedom of movement

• Fuse ratings, protection devices CT’s, VSS, indicators and meters shall be checked against the Data sheets and relevant drawings

• The presence of all identifying and warning labels will be checked.

• Earting will be checked to ensure it is as per detail drawings

• The panels will be checked to ensure that the earthing connection is made as per drawings

• The panels will be inspected and tested as per E & I inspection and testing procedure

• The equipment will be energized and witnessed according to contract procedures

• The interlocking system will be checked with the presence of concerned Engineer

• The automatic transfer operation will be checked with the presence of concerned Engineer

• Calibration certificate of various instrument used for the testing of LV switchgear will be submitted valid for minimum six month prior to carrying out the testing and commissioning